The Influence Of High-Stakes Standardized Assessments On Pedagogical Essay

The Influence Of High-Stakes Standardized Assessments On Pedagogical Practices - Essay Example While evaluation has been a division of education for an extended time, Schoenfeld (2004) says that the existing augmented importance on consistency of curriculum and evaluation is exceptional. The author surveys changeable standpoints on evaluation considers the functional evaluation plays and then assess arguments on both sides of the discussion taking into consideration the present high-stakes testing surroundings which is fitting an essential constituent of education all around the world. As a final point, a debate of the suggestions of increased evaluation and chiefly that of high-stakes testing within the education prospectus discloses that noteworthy portions of imperative education conclusions are minimalized or unobserved because of the importance on standardized testing. Well on the system to apt a culture based on information, we are hearing progressively about the regeneration of education and confronts we face in changing the objectives and substance of the teaching/learning procedure (Wagner, 2005). The expression inventive is frequently used when we converse about fresh pedagogical methods and inventive educators who symbolize a divergence from conventional didactics. Efforts to begin modification in the classroom have got to now also add in the use of scientific resources that have enthused the beginning of the information society. Keeping swiftness with the progress of the age, AV equipment, computers and additional tools of communication have progressively established their place within the walls of enlightening institutions and the procedure of reorganization pedagogical practice. The manifestation of technological speculates and their exercise in the field of education, though, can not mechanically be looked upon as pedagogical innovation. Is it at all probable to describe the expression, and if so, how Education researchers are inquisitive about the response to this question when they evaluated the function of Information Technology in the ground-breaking pedagogical practice of different countries. Previous to assessing knowledge and opinions in association with ground-breaking pedagogical practice, it is worth investigative how the educational system of the culture is making the changeover to single based information. The altering roles of schools, students and parents in the course of education are vibrantly demonstrated by researchers in the following chart. Role Education in the developed Society (the conventionally significant paradigm) Education in the Information culture ( the promising paradigm) School out-of-the-way from society incorporated in society the majority information on the purpose of schools is not to be mentioned Information is candidly obtainable Teacher Initiates teaching Helps students find suitable pathway of teaching Teaches whole class Guides students' self-governing

Compare and contract the views of society presented in Equus and the Essay

Compare and contract the views of society presented in Equus and the time machine - Essay Example This will be illustrated by excerpts from H. G. Wells’ The Time Machine and Peter Shaffer’s Equus. This essay will focus on two aspects of social conformity namely; normalcy and entropy. The works of both writers portray a vision of a troubled future if man continues to dwell within the societal confines that propagate passivity while ignoring pressing issues such as social class splits and individual passion. Normalcy refers to what the society considers the right aspects of behavior. Passivity means inactive or submission to the will of others. In Equus, Dysart is considered normal as he rarely strays outside of societal boundaries. He is married, has no children, and has a good education and profession that places him in a high social class. However, he feels that his life is dull with no spiritual communication. His marriage lacks intimacy as illustrated by his admission that he has not kissed his wife for six years. Disillusioned with modern civilization and unhapp y with his role in it, he turns to Greek civilization for spiritual comfort. This highlights the internal conflict that most people have. In conforming to society’s belief of what is considered normal, one loses their individualism and passion, causing misery in their lives. In contrast, his patient, Alan, seems full of passion and vigor. Alan goes against the societal indoctrination to conceive the idea of a god that differs from the traditional Christianity. This is propagated by the conflicting views on religion of his parents. His mother is a staunch Christian who read him the bible daily and taught him that the sexual act was dirty. His father was an atheist and a strict disciplinarian that could not even allow him to watch television because he believes that it takes away one’s intelligence and concentration. Both parents are products of social norm, which requires them to exist in a world without passion and worship. As a result, Alan conceives a horse god, Equu s, with which he freely expresses his passionate worship and sexuality. He compares the horsegod to Jesus when he says, â€Å"I see you, I will save you.† (66). This adoration hits its climax when he blinds six horses. As a result, he is declared unbalanced and in pain and sent to Dysart to heal his mind. This violence brings out the conflict between the two myths: the pagan worship he created, and the Christian one he inherited which saddled him with guilt and shame concerning his sexuality. The eyes are symbolic of society’s checks on its members, constantly judging and punishing. By striking the eyes, Alan fights the society that has oppressed him. Thus, society forces blind obedience and individuals are forced to suppress their desires. Even though most people are aware of this consequence and are dissatisfied with their miserable existence, they lack the commitment to change their lives. Dysart feels that by removing one’s uniqueness he is destroying part o f their personality, but ultimately strips Alan of what he desires most. Normalcy and passivity are also evident in The Time Machine. The social disparity between the leisurely wealthy upper class and the working class was considered normal, especially in the Victorian England. The rich exploited the workers for profits to finance their passive lifestyle as portrayed by the laziness in the dinner guests in chapter one, who meet to dine and chat. The time traveler belongs to the upper class. This passivity is also evident among the Eloi (upper

Effect of Mission and Responsibilities on a Business

Effect of Mission and Responsibilities on a Business OUTLINE TASK 1: EXPLORE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION FOR UNITED KINGDOMS BUSINESSES Introduction Importance of international trade, economic integration and global markets in Unilevers business The impact of two micro economic policies and the influence of the global economy on United Kingdom-based organizations and stakeholders Economic implications Economic Monetary Union (EMU) in the United Kingdom TASK 2: IDENTIFY THE MISSION AND RESPONSIBILITIES; INVESTIGATE THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR OF ORGANIZATIONS The mission, values and key objectives of Unilever and an assessment of the influence of its stakeholders An evaluation of the extents to which Unilever achieves its objectives of its stakeholders Unilevers responsibilities and the strategies it employs to meet them How economic systems attempts to allocate and make effective use of resources for Unilever The impact of social welfare and industrial policy initiatives on Unilever and the wider community How market structures which Unilever uses deviate from the model of perfect competition Relationship between market forces and Unilevers response The behavior and competitive strategies employed by Unilever and the role of Competition and regulatory bodies References TASK 1: EXPLORE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND THE EUROPEAN DIMENSION FOR UNITED KINGDOMS BUSINESSES Introduction Organizational mission, objectives and responsibilities are some of the contemporary managerial issues. These are the tools which managers use to steer their organizations in a purposeful and holistic manner. Basically, organizational mission is the most important end to which an organization accordingly harnesses and utilizes its resources in order to achieve a desired level of output. Organizational objectives can be described as the key points which an organization seek to use for attainment of its mission. On the other hand, organizational responsibilities are the everyday tasks which an organization must carry out with regards to both its internal and external operations. These entire three management concepts work hand in hand. But for any entity to ultimately accomplish the mission and realize its objectives, it should have a good structure. For any organization, profit making or not, to stay true and in line with its aims, it must have a well thought out and executable design and structure. Both the organizational structure and design borrow from each other. An organizational structure is a format within which an institution or a business entity devises and executes its day to day operations. It can be described as process of coordinating the human resource, communication and technology as well as other resources within a given organization. For an organization to come up with a structure, it has to enlist the use of a versatile design. A design must support any type of organization to reach the goals it is aiming to achieve. Normally, the staff discusses the needs of the organization and then come up with a criterion to meet the needs. Good designs accompanied with deliberate workforce effort are essential to realizing an effective organizational structure (Burton et al, 2006). An organization cannot be successful if it does not have an effective organizational design and structure. Without these two, it is not possible to effectively run operations of an organization. The structure entails having good policies, rules, chain of command, principles and other factors which are considered when coming up with a good design. If all these determinants are not coordinated then the staff of an organization will lack cooperation and the organization will definitely not achieve its intended goals as well as meet its needs. Such failures reflect poor management skills. Organizations should design its appropriately structures so as to take care of every need that is already present or may arise. In this paper we are going to outline and discuss some critical issues in management. We are going to specifically analyze Unilevers managerial approach. Unilever is an eminent corporation headquartered in the United Kingdom. It has several investments and business interests spanning the entire world. Unilever mainly deals with Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG). FMCGs are the day to day commodities essential for even the most ordinary life. These are, for instance, soaps, body lotions, beauty products, tea leaves, tissue papers, cooking fats and many others. In the FMCGs industry, Unilever is an established and the most revered player. Since it deals with the production, distribution and eventual sale of the most essential commodities in life as well as operating in many countries, it is the most appropriate organization to use as a business environment case study. Importance of foreign international trade, economic integration and global markets in Unilevers business International trade is the exchange of goods and services through the borders. This type of business has formed the firm foundation in the modern business world because the manufacturers and distributors attempt to gain from a wider market rather than looking at their own borders. Each and every firm intending to throw its nets wide must focus on the globalization of its marketing and distribution operations. The foreseeable constraints of venturing into international trade are deeply rooted in the standardizations and trade barriers formed through economic integrations and blocs formations. Many economies have learnt that they cannot effectively compete with the do-it-alone approach. Therefore there is a rise in regional economies coming together and forming bigger economies. This grouping and regrouping of states have a huge impact on the social, political and most important economic dimensions of organizations. There many benefits that come along side this integrations as well as demerits. Any organization in need of these benefits and willing to take the accompanying risks will surely take these challenges and reap from the goodies of global market. Just like any other multinational firm, Unilevers presence in the global market has helped in the continuous development of new market segment. In order to benefit from the economies of scale, the corporation shakes off the saturation in the European domestic market by gathering for the needs of international buyers. International trade is also important bearing in mind the corporations portfolio resources and products. To tap from these undoubted benefits of international trade, Unilever utilizes the various available options of internationalization. The concept of mergers and acquisitions has given the corporation a huge milestone in venturing into international trade. Among the many firms that has entered in an international partnership with the corporation are: Pepsico which works together to market and distribute Lipton, a ready-to-drink tea, Inmarko which is the leading ice cream corporation based in Russia and the imminent acquisition of Sara Lee division of body and laundry production. In a nutshell, the company has been able to secure a total of twenty acquisitions. Unilever can therefore be said to be a global corporation based on the attributes described before. This is justified by its presence in many nations and the use coordinated brands in global market. It however has one centralized office in the United Kingdom which manages the entire strategy. The European Union policies which affect tariffs and free trade agreements are going to have a final trickledown effect on the revenues and operations of Unilever. The elimination of trade restrictions and barriers within the European market means that the revenues are going to rise because of easy penetration to domestic regions. The removal of all tariffs on trade is one of the major benefits enjoyed by the corporation. The impact of two micro economic policies and the influence of the global economy on United Kingdom-based organizations and stakeholders Microeconomic policies are so far successful in creating structural changes in United Kingdoms organizations. These policies are the kinds of long term modifications in the patterns of producing output. The immediate reforms achieved are the reduction in inflationary expectations and maximization of production and job opportunities. The main aim of microeconomic policies is developing the operations of organizations, industries and markets with an objective of improving aggregate supply levels. The United Kingdoms government has been at the forefront in seeing that efficiency, flexibility and less costly production is the order of the day because these factors indirectly affect the supply side of the economy. There is need for firms to maximize efficiency and minimize production cost through adoption of current technologies for production of goods and services. Organizations such as Unilever which are technically efficient will tend to minimize the quantity of resources required for a given production activity. The government of United Kingdom has tried to see that there is healthy competition in the country. Microeconomic policies help firms to oversee the conduct of sectors which are competitive in that all the players are given a chance to compete with the each other in the market. There are some micro economic reforms which uses approaches such as corporation structures and privatization. The United Kingdoms government has tried to improve micro economic reforms so that the long term constraints to economic growth can be eliminated. Constraints to economic growth could be brought about by inefficient allocation of resources, undeveloped infrastructure, unstable price structure and underemployment of available labor. As a result, producers increase their prices and consumers buy cheap foreign goods thereby dampening growth. In order to achieve microeconomic objectives, policy makers must remove the obstacles in order to have efficient allocation of resources which is ideally supposed to be automatically done by the markets. Due to the increased competition brought about by privatization and deregulation, firms will manage to reduce cost and increase productivity with an aim of maximizing profits. In order to cut production costs, Unilever has been replacing human labor with automated systems. Some critics view this as a precursor to unemployment in the country. Microeconomic policies are very useful because they tend to bring about the element of competition among players in any given sector. Competition makes some firms to struggle while others reduce their prices and move towards the profit margin. Others who are unable to stay afloat exit the market. When a firm has more profit which is obtained from its revenue, it will invest and expand its business. As a result the firm will need more employees thereby creating more jobs opportunities and indirectly expanding the economy (Yip, 2007). Economic implications for the United Kingdom of entry to the Economic Monetary Union (EMU) The Economic Monetary Union is the adoption of one currency by the European Union member countries. This move has been achieved through the development of one European Central Bank and formulation of a common monetary policy. Such adoption of single currency has elicited a series of mixed reactions due to the economic implications. Some school of thought may argue that the adoption of EMU is irrelevant because it focuses strictly on the financial services sectors (Smith Grant, 2003). The critics of Economic Monetary Union claim that putting together economies of different sizes is going to be detrimental. This will mean that the entire Europe economy will be the least common denominator. In simpler terms, the economic muscle of the member states is going to be achieved through striking a balance between the participating economies. The poorly performing economies are going to pull down the perceived successful ones. Despite this pessimistic view of EMU, there will ultimately be a lot of attractiveness of euro financial assets due to eliminated exchange risk and improved liquidity. In addition the stability in macroeconomic environment is very instrumental in reduction of financing and investments risks. It is no doubt that the introduction of euro as the common currency in the European Union has improved prices transparency. There are no fears by someone using euro resulting from using different currency (Smith Grant, 2003). The firms in the Unions territory are able to comfortably compare prices without worry of actual value being distorted by conventional highly and volatile exchange rates. From an external point of view, the consolidated EMU area is in a position to be self sufficient and independent of the Asian or American influences. Thus partnership has a political effect. The mutual relationships between nations are going to be fostered since the bad blood is eliminated by continually partnering in the formulation and improvement framework of the common market policies. The European Union firms, in which our organization of discussion is part, are going to increase their profitability through elimination of currency exchange transaction costs. Other trade focused proponents of this worth venture claim that no cent will be lost on the fluctuating exchange rates. Trading as a bloc makes Europe compete effectively with other regional giants in the Far East and America. In conclusion, all these discussed issues notwithstanding, Unilever is regarded as a strong organization with a big history behind it. It is an absolute truth that it has a future that is beyond limit. This can be evidenced by the way it is well organized and designed. It also deals with all its stakeholders on mutually beneficial basis. In addition, since it operates in many countries around the world, it has always upheld the rule of law while engaging with the various governments and in its operations. TASK 2: IDENTIFY THE MISSION AND RESPONSIBILITIES; INVESTIGATE THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR OF ORGANIZATIONS The mission, values and key objectives of Unilever and an assessment of the influence of its stakeholders The main mission of Unilever is to cater for the needs of the people in the world. The corporation envisages the desires of its customers by reacting to the market forces in a creative and competitive manner. This corporation is well established and its approaches are well rooted in the local cultures of the area which it operates in. This has aided it to capture and maintain an even wider market throughout the world unlike its competitors. Its long term success emanates from its commitment to customer satisfaction and unique standards of performance as well as quality in its products. The staff and the management collectively work as a unit and have the willingness to grasp new ideas and integrate quickly as possible. This firm believes that for it to succeed there has to be a consistent maintenance of corporate behavior among its workers, to the consumers, society, and immediate competitors as well. There is a high continuance of business codes, principles and regulations that char acterize its operational standards which are embraced by everyone in Unilever. The corporation performs its duties and carries out its obligation with a lot of honesty, uprightness, integrity, and sincerity. It respects human rights in relation to its staff employment and remuneration terms and by making sure that their interests are always put forward. Not only does it respect the rights of the staff but also the people and other firms it interacts with (Jones, 2005). Unilever makes sure that its staff adheres to the laws of every country which it operates in. The corporation has dedicated itself to improvement in an environment where there is common trust and value and where everyone is held liable for the performance and status of the firm. This corporation recruits, employ and support qualified candidates on individual basis of academic merits, experience and abilities required for each and every position it advertises. The management is dedicated to seeing that the socio-economic wellbeing of the staff is looked into and in doing so, it does not allow forced labor or compulsory labor to children. The staff is given freedom to freely associate with each other and with those outside the corporation. The staff benefits from effective communication system and receives regular support from the upper management of the organization in terms of consultation. On the other hand, consumers benefit from this corporation through being provided with high quality branded products and services whose prices are always stable. They are offered products which are of high utility and safe for its probable use. Before releasing any new product to the market, Unilever makes sure that the consumers are well informed about it through prior advertisements and appropriate branding (Jones, 2005). Similarly, its suppliers have greatly benefited from this corporation because they have established mutual working relationship with it and even its other business partners. Unilever also involves the society in its corporate activities and ensures that it has fulfilled its social responsibilities to the whole community. This corporation values the environment it operates in because it is committed to making continuous improvements within the organization with a view of constantly assessing environmental impacts with an intention of establishing long term. The corporation has developed fair competition laws among its staff. In their lines of duty, they have a natural inclination to conduct themselves in accordance with the principles of free and fair competition. There is high maintenance of business integrity in that both the staff and the management do not give nor receive any bribe. There is a rule that corruption should be reported immediately to the management. There is maintenance of a high rate of transparency because its accounting records are well audited and reported periodically. The code of conduct is also examined and anybody who breaches it is supposed to follow the procedures listed by the joint secretaries. This corporation has a management board which ensures that the principles set out are complied with. They also make sure that the principles set out are implemented to the letter. This board meets regularly to discuss emerging issues and oversee the whole corporation besides making major decisions. An evaluation of the extents to which Unilever achieves its objectives of its stakeholders The success of this corporation has been attributed to towering relationships which it has developed and maintained with a number of people and other organizations acting as its most direct stakeholders. Its stakeholders are the consumers, input providers and shareholders. Other stakeholders are the government, regulating bodies, the society, scholars, and individuals who are concerned with what the corporation produces and the impacts of it products on the consumers (Jones, 2005). This corporation manages to achieve its objectives by engaging its stakeholders in unique and different ways. The stakeholders are engaged in different levels and ways depending on their interest. The corporation sees that the interests of the consumers are also met. It continuously sends its team to the field so that they can analyze and understand various tastes, needs and trends of existing and targeted consumers. The corporation also holds several meetings with local governments and civil society organizations. The engagement with the governments is fundamentally based on issues like change of regulations, licensing, trade terms, tariffs and tax matters. It also engages other associated companies in several areas such as nutrition, and conducts various research projects with an aim of improving its products and market share. The key step of engaging the stakeholders is that most of it is made from the local levels, to regional levels and finally at the global arena. There is always an improved partnership with intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations throughout the world. This partnership brings in the much needed expertise and adds knowledge in several vital areas as well as bringing on board the practical initiatives from the ground. This corporation operates in using multiple approaches to guarantee its stakeholders contentment. For example on environment concerns, it is in no doubt that it has created a friendly atmosphere which will sustain its business for a long time to the future. It works hand in hand with other partners in making the environment safe and also provides information on the importance of maintaining a healthy environment. In Kenya, for instance, Unilever engages it social responsibility capacity to plant over a billion trees in the next five years. The corporation maintains and defends the right of its customers. Unilever has strong co-operation with the governments and various organizations which it engages with directly or indirectly for example trade unions. The main reason why this organization involves its stakeholders is because it is more concerned with maintaining its legitimate interests in business. To make sure that its objectives are observing corporate ethics, the corporation supports the introduction of competition laws. It also makes sure that the staff conducts their duties according to the rules and regulations of fair competition (Jones, 2005). This corporation values its staff such that it creates an environment where mutual trust is a main principle. This is why it offers safe and rich working conditions for the staff. It guarantees to its staff all the basic freedoms. Unilevers responsibilities and the strategies it employs to meet them The corporation makes sure that its consumers meet their everyday needs in matters of nutrition, sanitation and personal care. The corporation produces brands which make people feel good and gain more in life. Its key objective is sustainability which really acts as the backbone of the main business. Through the products that it sells to the consumers, it has an aim of inspiring people. It regards the customer satisfaction as a fundamental part of development and it is for this reason that the corporation is in touch with the society. In order to succeed, the corporation always ensures that corporate standards are maintained to the highest level possible. There are various fields in which Unilever deals in, some of the major ones are: nutrition, hygiene and personal care. The subsequent responsibilities undertaken by this corporation is clearly explained by the nature of business that it engages in. It is involved in promotion of its customers health diet and living standards in collaboration with healthcare bodies such as United Nations Children Education Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO). In order to provide healthy nutrition to the society, this corporation has developed new policies which promote proper diet and educate consumers of the importance of using healthy products. The corporation is involved in global campaigns which are related to hygiene. Through these campaigns it has managed to prevent, on a wider scale, some hygiene related diseases. This corporation ensures that the environment is managed accordingly through consideration of some factors such as farming, aquatic life and water. It has also introduced proper marketing programs which sustain fisheries and water conservation activities in the whole world. How economic systems attempts to allocate and make effective use of resources for Unilever The main aim of Unilever is to utilize resources available to it for maximizing profit in the various countries it operates. Its multidimensional products and status as a market leader in all other aspects and responsibilities emanates from a deeper background. This corporation has spread its wings to a wider world economy and is recognized as a responsible to the entire society. Having occupied this big space, this corporation has become the main target of attack from those companies which disagrees with the way it runs its business. Being one of the leading FMCG corporations with several interests represented both geographically and functionally. This firm utilizes various economic systems in seeing that economic resources are allocated properly. It uses central planning where the management identifies and designs the production of the kinds of goods and services required by the prospective consumers. After identifying these commodities, it produces and distributes them to the earm arked regions. The process of identifying the much needed goods and services globally needs proper deliberation and understanding of complexity of such an exercise. Several people are often involved in this exercise where factories and suppliers are given guidelines of what they ought to produce or not. This corporation has planners who approximate and plan the allocation of the required resources in producing the forecasted output. This corporation has employed many people who efficiently utilize these non-human resources to produce optimum output and are in turn given wages or salaries. The numbers of staff is also controlled for the corporation to plan how to cater for the amount of salaries and wages they will be paid. The reason behind planning for this allocation of resources is for employees to work towards realizing the optimum output. The management also plans for the prices at which these commodities will be sold at. By using free market economy, the corporation always focuses on demand and supply forces in determining both the prices and quantities for the commodities. The general public will create demand and supply which will later determine prices and quantities of output produced. The final market prices are very critical to both the producers and consumers in determining how much will be produced and supplied and bought respectively. By doing so, Unilevers management has several motives such as the reward of an enterprise, adequate information to producers and consumers, price that shows costs and benefits and the simplicity in which resources can be maximally allocated and utilized (Yip, 2007). The corporation takes risk of producing goods and services with an expectation of some returns after the sales are made. There is also the fundamental need to maximize revenues and minimize costs. For this to be realized, Unilever depends on the superior market information which enables it to access supplies at a low cost and to strategically place the prices of its commodities. It also has very effective mechanisms of systematizing production in the most competent way and looking for resources at an affordable cost. Consumers constantly require information which will guide them of what is in the market. This corporation needs to give the prices of the various commodities which it is offering in the market. Prices in any firm, is a focus point in that it gives a signal to both suppliers and consumers. Consumers have to know the amount of money they are supposed to part with for any given product. The amount of money allocated by consumers for a consumption of a product reflects its true value and the maximum possible utility they can draw from it. It is also notable that Unilever keeps on inventing and innovating new and viable ideas for all the products it can manufacture. By doing so, it is able to expand the demand and for new products as well as fostering higher and better returns. The corporation also focuses in procuring and moving the resources which are necessary to produce the new products. When a variety of complementary and substitutable products are availed in the marketplace, it gives the consumers multiple consumption choices and the competing firms will have to adjust their respective prices and quantities in order to maximize revenues and establish themselves in the market. The impact of social welfare and industrial policy initiatives on Unilever and the wider community The main purpose of developing industrial policies within organizations is to establish a course of action which will provide support that is helpful in achieving development goals which depends on manufacturing and industrial sectors. These policies justify that market failures hinder free markets and therefore many countries do not manage to achieve development targets. For this reason, government can overcome the problem of market failures through intervention and ensuring that there is free and fair competition. Industrial policies are very important because they tend to favor large corporations such as Unilever. These policies are widely accepted and supported because they provide a more effective way of dealing with market failures. In the process of dealing with market failures, the governments can come with better ways of accessing quality information, empowering legal and institutional frameworks, providing adequate infrastructural support, and avails to the business entitie s a favorable environment needed for industrial and economic development. In an effort of preventing or avoiding market failures, planners focus on industrial policies which attract and level competition. There are some unavoidable externalities which bring about increase in costs and therefore some interventions are more important and urgent than others because they aim at reducing these costs and realization of the benefits resulting from economies of scale. There are various externalities that hamper free and fair competitions which can either be within or outside business entities and countries. Examples of these externalities are perennial problems in the labor market which at times tends to be rigid and inadequate finances for stimulation of growth. The cost associated with accessing information is also a major externality which hinders open and fair competition. There are also those industrial policies which focus on ways of overcoming information externalities and by doing so, they create an enabling environment which permits organizations to compl y with international standards , engage in experimentation, come up with new product lines and access new markets while expanding the existing markets. Since Unilever makes proper use of industrial policies, it seems to enjoy good environment in which the producers will find resources required for the business. Economic growth is enhanced by an efficient market economy which allows access to markets and economic capital. The aim of industrial policy is to aid industrial sector and its growth. Being a non-governmental organization, Unilever sets crucial conditions for a complete strengthening of plurality and democracy in the societies which has its operations in. Therefore, the improvement of non-governmental organizations has an impact on individuals and the overall development of society. Social welfares are very important in the society because they lead to development of projects which are individually beneficial and can adjust to the need of the society. Projects which are beneficial to the society should be in the hands of private sector because they are very close to the society and understand their needs. How market structures which Unilever uses deviate from the model of perfect competition Market structure is the manner in which a corporation experience competition during the delivery of goods and services. The structures are very dynamic and both extremes do exist depending on the market in which one is operating and the type of goods being dealt with. The theoretically existing market structures are: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly and monopoly. Out of these e

A Look into Digital Broadcasting Essay -- Digital Broadcasting Technol

A Look into Digital Broadcasting Digital Broadcasting will have a fundamental effect on viewing patterns, popular culture and audience identity. This will be done firstly by looking at the history of the BBC and the original intention of Public Service Broadcasting. It will discuss how by John Reith’s successful approach to broadcasting, the BBC became a National Institution creating popular culture and a National Identity. It will examine how these first steps and ideas have major role in the introduction of Digital Broadcasting today and whether the initial ‘Reithian’ values have any meaning in today’s society. It will finally conclude what effect if any, these changes will have on British life as a whole and whether the fear of change is justified. In the 2oth century the advance of technology has been fundamental in the way we live our lives today. The recent introduction of Digital Broadcasting to Great Britain has caused many technologists to become swept up in a sense of awed enthusiasm about the infinite possibilities of the new digital age. In its early stages digital broadcasting is only available to a minority and it will take ten years or so to become a new way of life. Digital Broadcasting has thousands of new services to offer its viewers and listeners. Instead of pictures and sound being transformed into waves, the new technology turns them into a series of digits which are transmitted through the air and received by television or radio aerials. Digital Broadcasting is more efficient than analogue, giving space for six channels where analogue would give you one. Digital brings better picture, better sound quality and more choice and cinematic style. The new era gives the audience greater interaction with its broadcaster and also the opportunity to shop, book holidays, bank and play games all form remote control. It is not just television that is going digital. Radio too will offer the listener a transformed experience in what we enjoy the most. The sound quality will be crystal clear and free from interruption. New digital radio sets will offer a built in display panel which will show graphics as well as facts and figures relating to the programme you are listening to. These are the things that we have come to expect from a broadcasting journey lasting 80 years. The new technological change is revolutionar... ... London; Routledge LEWIS, Lisa. A 1992 ‘The Adoring Audience’ London; Routledge NEGRINE, Ralph 1992 ‘Politics and the Mass Media’ London; Routledge O’SULLIVAN, Tim 1994 ‘Key Concepts in Communication Studies’ London; Routledge PRICE, Stuart 1993 ‘Media Studies’ Harlow; Longman STRINATI, Dominic 1992 ‘Popular Media Culture’ London; Routledge TULLOCH, Sarah 1996 ‘Complete Word Finder’ Oxford; Readers Digest Websites ‘BBC Digital’ http://www.bbc.co.uk ‘Pay TV Company British Digital Broadcasting...’ http://www.itn.co.uk/business/bus http://www.sky.co.uk Periodicals ‘Put Quality 1st, Smith to warn BBC’ Daily Mail - Monday 12 April 1999 ‘Sky Facts 1999’ British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC

In what ways was the stimulus material developed during the drama process?

Before we had been shown our choices of stimuli, we had been introduced to a range of exercises that enabled us to explore texts, music and pictures in different ways. This helped immensely during the first stages of development, as we had an idea of how the stimuli could influence the performance overall. For example, looking at pictures we would determine who were the main people involved in the picture, and if somebody looked sad, we tried to give them a story behind that sadness. After looking at a variety of pictures, we decided upon ‘Scream' By Edvard Munch. There were two versions of this picture, both colour, and one in black and white. We all agreed that the black and white picture created the wider range of possibilities for us, as it represented a more eerie and haunting scene. We created a spider diagram of words that we felt when looking at the picture. Words relating to anger, trapped, loneliness, disfigurement, illness and paranoia all appeared within this first diagram. The next stage of processing the drama was to decide on which of these themes we liked the most. ‘Trapped' gave us the biggest set of possibilities to explore into, as it incorporated many of the above emotions anyway. After another spider diagram where we came up with a wider range of words that derived from the feeling of being trapped. These included illness, abuse, eating disorders, OCD and correctness. Next each member researched into a specific topic from this diagram, and thought up an interpretation of each scene. We collectively decided that to reflect the image, we would follow no particular structure or genre of acting. We thought that by letting each scene flow independently would create a basis for us to expand on. However we knew that at some point we would have to link them all together to create a performance. Much like the lines in the image, as each line helps create the bigger picture. Our concepts that we're derived from the word trapped were specifically based on modern concepts, which helped with the audiences understanding of the subject matter, and more aware of how it affects society today. There is one scene however which doesn't really reflect modern day, however it is still representative of recent history. This scene is the suffragette scene. We used this to reflect upon the fact that the issues we were representing are not just modern issues, but have in fact been around for years. From our spider diagrams we came up with a list of possible plots, and characters that would be involved in each scene. We experimented with our techniques to develop the stimulus. Rehearsal techniques came in very handy during the dry spells in our development. We were often faced with a mental block of ideas, and therefore chose to experiment with different rehearsal methods based around one of our theme words to help us out. For example, we knew we wanted a scene on abuse, yet we did not know how we wanted to show this. Whether realism or surrealism would be more appropriate and effective. Therefore, we used a technique in which we chose a subject of abuse, and whether we were the abused or the abuser. When a thought came into our mind on the chosen subject, we would shout out how we felt. For example my character had been cheated on, and I said ‘what do you think you're doing with my husband? He's MY husband not yours'. We gradually made the lines more dramatic and offensive, until we had reached the highest level of abuse we thought possible. This really helped us in creating out performance as we then decided to re-enact the abuse scene the same as that, yet eventually repeat one line until we all ended up creating a machine. This form of acting worked well as it showed how the many different aspects of abuse. We decided to do this by walking through the audience and shouting our words to the audience making them feel very uneasy and extremely vulnerable. To enable this technique to have more of an effect, we made the audience sit in small groups of two of three. We placed their chairs randomly at different angles (however all facing the stage to some degree) and this helped create the tension and effect of being alone. We felt this was an important link to our stimulus as the image is relating to loneliness and madness. We used status work to try and create the levels of status that we should portray in each scene. The image represents a delusion of a person who is obviously distressed in some way or another. Therefore during the construction of the scenes, we made every character determine what status they were in comparison to the other characters on the stage at the same time. Although our stimulus provided us with many ideas, we also wanted to incorporate this image with one of the previous stimuli that we had looked at. It was a piece of music which we felt was a representation of poverty as it sounded so sad and depressing. We felt that the image and the music intertwined and linked well with each other, as poverty is present in the music and poverty = loneliness, and loneliness is obviously present in the image.

Respect and Sportsmanship

Every day you go through obstacles that will push you to show unfairness, disrespect for others and a â€Å"sore loser† type attitude. For sportsmanship that is just the opposite of its meaning. If you are aware you show sportsmanship every day, whether it is playing a friendly game of basketball in your backyard or being a part of a school spelling bee. For over a decade people around the world learn and show sportsmanship. In the dictionary sportsmanship means one who plays fairly and wins or loses gracefully.To me sportsmanship means a little more than just being nice after a game to the opposing team. It is the ability to keep composed when a situation arises. To be able to except a loss and not act out to make your team look bad. Sportsmanship helps maintain a good image in the competitive world today. It’s a value you have to have to show respect to your team and other teams. It’s your responsibility as a competitive person to show sportsmen like behavior. Outside the sports world you show sportsmanship everywhere.Recently I went around asking a couple students what sportsmanship meant to them. Each one said something different, but they all generally said to show respect whether you win or lose. A great thought was sportsmanship applies to all disciplines. This one individual stated musically speaking; it meant if you are better than your cohorts. You should still open your ears to advice. To encourage people not to bring others down if they do something wrong. Sportsmanship is a kind of style and attitude and it has positive influences on everyone around you. If you win through bad sportsmanship, that’s no real victory. † –Babe Didrikson Zaharias quotes. This is a great quote that really clarifies what sportsmanship is. Yes, winning is awesome but it isn’t awesome when you disrespect people and show childish behavior. That truly is not a real victory. You should win with passion, competiveness and drive. I f you show sportsmanship by being unfair and not respectful, then you are not showing sportsmanship at all.